Important topics for computer base exams

 

Important topics for computer base exams

History of computer

Computer feature

Computer limitations

Computer architecture

Computer hardware architecture

What is computer memory

Computer applications

Classification of computers on the basis of working method

Computer types by size

Advantages of computer

 

Calculating for humans has been difficult since the beginning. Humans can calculate or calculate only to a limited level without any machine. To do much larger calculations, humans have to depend on machines to fulfill this need built the computer to calculate.

Abacus - 3000 years ago

Abacus was created by Chinese scientists about 3000 years ago. In a rectangular frame, wooden tablets were attached to the iron rods, which were used to calculate or calculate by moving up and down. It was the first computer to run without electricity, in fact it depended only on your hands to work.

Antikythera Mechanism - 2000 years ago

Antikythera was originally an astronomical calculator used in ancient Greece to track solar and lunar eclipses, the Antikythera Mechanism is about 2000 years old, scientists found this mechanism in 1901 from a completely destroyed ship on the island of Antikythera It was received in a dilapidated state, that is why it was named Antikythera System, since then scientists were engaged in decoding it and after a long study, this computer has now been decoded. This machine works to show the position of the sun and moon in the sky along with the planets. The Antikythera System, credited with being the first known analog computer of the modern era, was developed by the Greeks to accurately predict astronomical and mathematical data.

Pascaline - 1642

Pascaline was created after Abacus. It was made by mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642. It used to calculate faster than Abacus. This was the first mechanical calculator. This machine was called adding machine, this adding machine of Blase Pascal is also called Pascaline.

 

Difference Engine - 1822

The Difference Engine was a machine made by Sir Charles Babbage that could do calculations accurately, it was invented in 1822, it used punch cards for program storage. It used to run on steam today's computers are being made on the basis of this, that's why Charles Babbage is called the father of computer.

 

Jusse Z - 3 - 1941

Great scientist "Konard Zuse" invented a wonderful device named "Zuse-Z3" which was the first electronic computer based on Binary Arithmetic and Floating point Arithmetic calculations

Eniac - 1946

A US Military Research room built the "ENIAC" machine which means (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). "ENIAC" worked on the Decimal Arithmetic system, later "ENIAC" became famous as the first computer, which later developed into a modern computer.

 

Manchester Small Scale Machine (SSEM) - 1948

(SSEM) was the first computer that could keep any program safe in a vacuum tube, its nickname was Baby, it was made by Frederick Williams and Tom Kilburn

 

Features of Computer - Features of Computers

Speed ​​

Where one takes you time to do a small calculation, the computer does the biggest calculation in less than a second, this speed is provided to it by the processor. The speed of the computer is measured in Hertz, the computer's functions the intensity is measured per second, per millisecond per microsecond, per nanosecond, etc.

Accuracy

Error-free working means completing any work with complete accuracy is the second feature of the computer, no mistake is ever made by the computer, the computer always gives the correct result, because the computer is created by the program created by us. Executes a task only by following the specified instruction, the result given by the computer is being given wrong then there may be a mistake in its program which is prepared by humans.

 

Automation

On giving instructions to the computer one after the other, until the work is completed, it continues to work automatically (Automation) without stopping, for example, when the computer gives the command to print 100 pages to the printer, then the entire 100 pages will be printed. It will stop only later, the computer receives instructions to do all these tasks, it completes them on the basis of them, these instructions are received by the computer through the program / software, there is a separate program / software to do each work.

Permanent storage

Memory used in computer is used for permanent storage of data, information and instructions. Since the information in the computer is stored electronically, the chances of losing the information are less.

 

Large Storage Capacity

Unlimited data and information can be stored in computer's external and internal storage media (hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape, CD RAM). Information occupying less space can be stored in the computer. Hence its storage capacity is vast and unlimited.

Retrieval of stored information

The required information can be obtained from the stored information within a few seconds by the use of computer. That task has become even easier with the use of RAM (Random Access Memory).

Quick decisions

The computer analyzes situations with the ability to make quick decisions based on pre-given instructions.

 

Versatility

Various types of tasks can be accomplished with the help of computer. Modern computers have the ability to do different types of tasks simultaneously.

Repetition

By giving computer orders, the same type of work can be done repeatedly with reliability and speed.

Agility

Computer being a machine, it is devoid of human flaws. It does not feel fatigue and boredom and works with the same efficiency every time.

Secrecy

The work of the computer can be made confidential by using a password. With the use of a password, only the person who knows the password can view or change the data and programs kept in the computer.

Limitations of Computer

Lack of Intelligence - Computer is a machine. It does not have the same intelligence as humans, it only follows the instructions given by the user, in any case the computer does not work less than the instructions given.

Lack of Common Sense - It is also important to know that the computer never makes any mistake, but if the user takes wrong action from it, then it does not have a common sense.

Dependence on electricity - Computer needs electricity to work, without electricity the computer is nothing more than a metal box.

Upgrade and Update - Computer is such a machine that has to be upgraded and updated from time to time, if it is not done then the computer is not able to function properly.

Virus threat - The computer is always at risk of viruses, once the virus arrives, it can damage the computer operating system as well as the files protected in it.

 

Computer Architecture

1-Input unit

Input units are those parts of the computer hardware through which any data can be entered into the computer. For input, you use keyboard, mouse, etc. input devices, as well as command the computer through software. or give instructions it is called i/o devices

2- Central processing unit

The Central Processing Unit processes the input data, for this both the Central Processing Unit and the Arithmetic Logic Unit together perform arithmetic calculations and logical calculations and process the data. CPU is called the brain of the computer.

 

3- Memory

Memory is that part of the computer that stores the data and process data input by the user, it is of two types primary and secondary, for example RAM and hard disk

4- Output unit

Based on the command given by you, the output of processed information is given to you by the computer, which is received by the output device or output unit. The best example of out device is your computer monitor, it is called i / o devices.

Computer hardware structure

 

The computer has the following important parts:-

• Monitor or LCD

• Keyboard

• Mouse

• CPU

• UPS

 

Monitor or LCD :- Its use shows the display of all the programs of the computer. It is an output device.

Keyboard: - It is used for typing in the computer, it is an input device, we can operate the computer only through the keyboard.

Mouse: - The mouse makes the use of the computer simple, it is a remote device in a way as well as an input device.

 

C. P. U. (Central Processing Unit): - This is an important part of the computer, all our data remains saved, all parts of the computer C. P. U. Stay connected with

 

UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply): - This hardware or machine prevents the computer from shutting down directly when the power goes out, so that all our data remains safe.

All this hardware is divided into two parts-

Output device

Input device

 

What is computer memory?

Although the CPU is called the brain of the computer, but where the human brain does a lot of work as well as keeping our memories safe, the CPU only does arithmetic calculations and logical calculations. Processes input data, cannot save process data, now that process data has to be saved somewhere, then this task is held by computer memory, computer memory is divided into many small parts, which we call cells. Each cell has a unique address or path. Whenever you save or save a file in the computer, it is saved in a cell.

 

There are two types of computer memory -

Volatile - It is also known as Primary Memory, it is also called Main Memory, it is directly in contact with CPU and its data and instructions are used fast and directly by CPU, It is called Volatile memory because this memory cannot store data permanently Example - RAM

Non-volatile - It is known as Secondary Memory, it is used to store a large amount of data permanently, and hence the second Secondary Memory is called storage not memory.

Example - hard disk

 

There are four types of computer memory on the basis of space -

Register Memory

Cache Memory

Primary Memory

Secondary Memory

 

Unit of computer memory - Just as there are units like seconds to measure time, decibels to measure sound, mm to measure distance and grams to measure weight, in the same way units were also determined to measure storage capacity in the computer world. it is called a unit of computer memory.

The smallest unit of computer memory is a bit. A bit is a binary signal, that is, only one binary value of 0 and 1, and when the four bits are combined, it is called a nibble.  means 1 nibble = 4 bit Byte (Byte) A group of 8 bits is called a byte.

Normally, when you type a number or letter in your computer, it is expressed by a byte or simply speaking, it occupies a space equal to one byte. i.e. 1 byte = 8 bits = 2 nibbles thus a group of approximately 11099511627776 bytes is called a terabyte and one terabyte can store approximately 2 million MP3.

1 bit = 0, 1

4 bits = 1 nibble

8 bits = 1 Byte

1000 bytes = one kilobyte (KB)

1024 Kilobytes (KB) = one Megabyte (MB)

1024 Megabytes (MB) = one Gigabyte (GB)

1024 Gigabytes (GB) = one terabyte (TB)

1024 Terabyte (TB) = One Petabytes (PB)

1024 Petabyte (PB) = one Exabyte (EB)

1024 Exabyte (EB) = one Zettabyte (ZB)

1024 Zettabyte (ZB) = one Yottabyte (YB)

 

Application of computer

Data processing - Computers are used to do data processing on a large and large scale and to prepare information, it becomes very easy to collect data, analyze it and get information.

Education - Computer has changed the picture of modern education, today through internet we can get information about any subject in a few moments, schools and colleges have also been connected to internet and in many places But emphasis is being given on smart class which is possible only because of computer.

Bank – In the banking sector, the use of computers has brought a revolution, computers have replaced the old-fashioned ledgers and registers most of the work of banks is being done through computers, such as withdrawing and depositing money even computerized machines are available for counting rupees.

Communication- 4G internet is being used by every child today, computer technology has made possible the use of internet in the field of communication and internet has given birth to communication revolution.

Recreation - The use of multimedia has made the computer multi-faceted the computer is often used to play movies, television, video games.

Governance - Every institution has its own internal administration and administrative work is done from computer only, as well as the benefits of government schemes are also reaching people's homes in the form of e-governance. Used to be

Security- Today without computer our security system will be completely weak. Computers are used in tracking aircraft, air strikes, CCTV cameras

Commerce - maximum use of computer in shop, bank, insurance, credit company, etc. It has become impossible for the financial world to work without computers.

Industry - many industrial establishments; Like – steel, chemical, oil company etc. are dependent on computer. Plants also use computers for physical control of processes.

Medicine - In the field of medicine, computers are used to detect various physical diseases, analysis and diagnosis of diseases is also possible through computers, in the modern era, X-rays, CT scans, ultrasound etc. are used in various fields. widespread use of computers.

 

Computer classification based on work method

What is analog computer?

Computers in this category which are used to measure physical units like pressure, temperature, length, speed etc. or what was the lowest or highest temperature today Analog computers have been made to collect the data of all these. Rain range - It measures the amount of rainfall at a particular place,

Hygrometer - It measures the humidity in the atmosphere.

 Anemometer - It measures the strength and speed of the wind, that is, all these analog computers collect physical data.

 

What is digital computer?

Digital computers are the computers that you usually use in your homes, offices, in which data is fed in a digital way and the output is obtained, mostly digital computers are used and marketed in the markets. Digital computers convert data and programs into 0 and 1 and carry them in electronic form.

What is Hybrid Computer?

Hybrid computer has properties of both analog computer and digital computer. These computers are considered more reliable than analog and digital, their work is to make available the data received from analog computer in digital form, they are most commonly used in medicine, meteorology.

Types of Computer based on Size

1. Micro Computer

Microcomputers are computers that can be kept comfortably on the desk, the development of small computers took place in the 1970s with the invention of the microprocessor, with the advent of the microprocessor, it was possible to make computers that were cheap and small in size, these computers Also called Personal Computer, Micro Computer includes Desktop Computer, Laptop, Palmtop, Tablet PC and Workstation.

2. Mini Computer

Mini computers are bigger than micro computers in size and efficiency, the first mini computer was prepared in 1965, its size was equal to that of a refrigerator, where on one hand personal computer i.e. micro computer ) in a C.P.U. Whereas mini computers have more than one C.P.U. There are and more than one person can work simultaneously on a mini computer, they are often used by small or medium-sized companies.

3. Mainframe Computer

Mainframe computers are very large in size, mainframe computers are used as central computers in large companies, many computers can be interconnected in a network, and hundreds of users can be connected to it simultaneously. Can work, Node.js is a software platform used in Mainframe Computer.

4. Super Computer

Supercomputers are extremely large, have more storage capacity and have the highest speed compared to all other categories of microcomputers, mini computers and mainframe computers, their size is one Is equal to a normal room, supercomputers are used in research work in large scientific and research laboratories. In 1998, a supercomputer named "PARAM-10000" was built by C-DAC in India, its calculation capacity was 1 trillion calculations per second, today India has a name in the field of supercomputers in the world.

 

Benefits and Importance of Computer

·        Today computers are being used on a large scale everywhere, the biggest reason for this is that it works much faster than humans, it can do very large calculations in a few seconds.

·        Today everything is available on computer, you can store a lot of data in computer and use it anytime and if you have internet facility then you can use cloud storage to secure your data on internet as well. Can keep

·        You can stay in touch with your friends anytime and anywhere through features like video call, email, social networking.

·        You can get any information on the internet.

·        Computer technology is not the answer to facilities like banking, you can transfer money to anyone from your mobile phone or computer sitting at home.

·        Today, from mobile recharge, depositing electricity bill to online shopping, even airplanes are being flown by computer without making any mistake.

·         Computer has changed the world in the field of education and medicine, you can get education from the best teachers / institutions sitting at home and talk about medicine, you can consult the best doctors of the world on the internet and now medical There is no need to even go to the store, you can order medicines from the comfort of your home, whether they are available in your city or not.